•  Dr Jenny Blamey, professor at the Faculty of Chemistry and Biology described the 13^th International Thermophiles Meeting as a very important opportunity for the development of research at Universidad de Santiago and in the country. Worldwide prominent figures in microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, biocatalysis and biotechnology, participated in the conference. This is the first time that this global meeting is held in South America and Dr Blamey was in charge of the organization.

   

  In her closing speech, Dr Jenny Blamey, professor at the Faculty of Chemistry and Biology of Universidad de Santiago, evaluated this global meeting as a very important opportunity for the development of research at Universidad de Santiago and in the country.

  Dr Blamey highlighted the scientific importance of this conference that always leaves its imprint on the research centers and the countries where it is held. This also happened in our university and it should be reflected on the country.

  During the activity, worldwide leading scientists in this field presented their top-notch studies.

  These experts in microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, biocatalysis and biotechnology informed about the progress in their specialities, in order to have a better understanding of thermophiles.

  The Thermophiles International Conference is a global meeting held every second year. For the first time the meeting was carried out in South America, under the general supervision of Dr Blamey, and with the support of an efficient team who coordinated different tasks for the organizing bodies: Bioscience Foundation and the Faculty of Chemistry and Biology of Universidad de Santiago.

  The program included sessions on topics like genomics and biochemical processes, keynote lectures and poster presentations.

  International experts like Dr Karl Stetter, Dr Michel Adams and Dr Juergen Wiegel met with students, researchers and Chilean and foreign scientists.

  They shared their questions and their knowledge about the last developments and potential biotechnological applications of thermophiles, which are considered key to science development in our country and the world.

  A space for discussion and proposals

  “For Universidad de Santiago de Chile, hosting and promoting this type of activity is essential, since our purpose as a public, state and complete university is to create, preserve, disseminate and apply knowledge for the welfare of society,” Dr Juan Manuel Zolezzi, President of Universidad de Santiago, said.

  The Thermophiles 2015 International Conference contributed “To our institutional essential work, as it became a space for discussion and proposals, in a multidisciplinary and pluralistic dialogue; on this occasion, in the field of extremophiles, a new important field worldwide, not only for biological sciences but also for industrial biotechnology,” he added.

  For his part, Dr Gustavo Zúñiga, Dean of the Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, highlighted the importance of having been selected to organize the activity and receive these distinguished scientists, and give the students the opportunity to ask questions and talk to them.

  Translated by Marcela Contreras

• Professors Dr. Juan Sepúlveda, Dr. Astrid Oddershede and Dr. Felisa Córdova, who were invited by the International Academic Program, took part in a seminar where they acquired new tools for problem solving through creative thinking. This will considerably benefit the students and will allow improving and updating the Industrial Engineering curricula.

Between January 07th and January 09th, the academics of our University’s Department of Industrial Engineering, Dr. Juan Sepúlveda, Dr. Astrid Oddershede and Dr. Felisa Córdova were invited by the International Academic Program (IAP) to take part in the workshop “Design Thinking and Innovation” at the renowned Harvard University, USA, where they acquired tools to solve problems in an innovating and creative way. They said this will enrich the educational experience of their students.

Specifically, the seminar was given by Professor Srikant Datar to 22 academics from different Latin American universities selected by the IAP and it was held at the Innovation Laboratory of Harvard Business School

Dr. Juan Sepúlveda, the Head of our University’s Department of Industrial Engineering, claimed that this continuing education program for university teachers “is a great progress in updating our teaching methodologies and in adopting thinking and problem solving innovative techniques that we will implement in our classrooms starting this year.”

“The topic that gathered us together in this seminar- Dr. Sepúlveda explained- was ‘Design Thinking’, an approach to develop innovation that is based on the designers and architects’ point of view, which have a very different way of thinking from engineers.”

Dr. Sepúlveda added that Design Thinking is “a very useful methodology to leave behind the conventional paradigms of engineering management, and for us academics, it will be very helpful to show our students that creativity can contribute to solve a large number of problems of our professional lives.”

“After this academic experience, we look for transmitting what we learned to students, so that they dare to break the known models and seek for creative answers to the challenges that they will face in the field of management,” he pointed out.

While, Dr. Felisa Córdova agreed with Dr. Sepúlveda and said that in this visit to Harvard, “we were able to see the learning and teaching methodologies used at this renowned American university and also had access to the researches that professors are now conducting there.”

“After this seminar, the idea is to promote and develop a disruptive way of thinking among our students at Universidad de Santiago de Chile and encourage them to develop a creative thinking, so that they behave out of the ordinary, break the paradigms to implement their innovations then,” Dr Córdova said.

“In the end, this will have an impact on our students, because when they know that their professors are constantly updating their knowledge and that they are taking part in academic activities at Harvard University, for example, they feel supported by teachers of excellence, what in turn makes them more committed with their classes,” she stressed.

For his part, the Head of the Department, Dr. Sepúlveda, concluded that updating knowledge and acquiring new learning and teaching experiences that are world-wide recognized “give our institution a great boost to keep our strong commitment to continue forming world-class professionals.”

Translated by Marcela Contreras

• Dr. Kerryn McCluskey, from the University of Queensland, said that besides quickly connecting students to teaching practice, practicum since first year of program helps students to determine on their vocation.

During the International Seminar “Evaluation of Professional Practice in Early Teacher Training: An Overview form the Australian Model”, Dr. Kerryn McCluskey, the Director of the Secondary Program in the School of Education at the University of Queensland, Australia, explained the teacher professional training program design developed by that University. In this program, through implementing early practicums, education students get in contact with the class since first semester.

“Until pre-service teachers go to schools, they do not know if this is what they really want or the way of connecting what they do on campus with real life,” says Dr. McCluskey. She added that, in some cases, it takes years before students understand and connect the theoretical knowledge given by the university with teaching practice in the classroom.

For this purpose, the program that she directs organizes teaching practicums since first semester, for ten days, where students attend classes as observers. Then, as they move forward in their training, they have more practice periods and also more interaction with learners in terms of academic support, which can be measured according to the corresponding abilities and competences.

According to the expert, the difficulties posed by the model lie in the disposition shown by guiding teachers and supervisors who accompany the student during this process in schools and at the university, as the model demands personalized attention.

While visiting Universidad de Santiago, Dr. Kerryn McCluskey emphasized that there are not perfect models, but she trusts that after exchanging experiences, education students in Chile may have access to teaching practicums a little earlier.

This international seminar was organized by the Department of Education of the Faculty of Humanities and for his Director, Dr. Daniel Ríos, the experience shared by the Australian expert was very positive.

“It was a good opportunity to share information about this significant issue, not only for the Department or the University, but for all the country, as it concerns teacher training,” the director said. He added that practicums are still the big connection between theory and practice, so it is essential to think about ways of improving them and strengthening them. He said it is an essential issue as right now “there is a discussion in the University about early teacher training.”

Dr. Ríos emphasized the collaborative view provided by this type of activities to open a broad reflection regarding professional practices during early teacher training. For this reason, representatives from other universities and from schools that have admitted our teaching practicing students were invited to the seminar. “We are very pleased because this has helped us to reflect on this issue, exchange ideas and experiences and continue along the line of learning communities,” he concluded.
 

Translated by Marcela Contreras

• Between October 09^th and 12^th, representatives of all the countries in Latin America and the Caribbean will participate in more than 50 lectures and symposiums at Universidad de Santiago de Chile, where they will contribute with their multidisciplinary views about the scientific, technological and cultural aspects of this geographical area.
• This important meeting will have the presence of the Argentinean poet Ernesto Kahan, who is part of the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War Federation (Recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize 1985) and the renowned Brazilian economist and social scientist, Theotonio dos Santos, a leading exponent of the dependency theory.
• According to Dr Fernando Estenssoro, acting director of the Institute for Advanced Studies of Universidad de Santiago and member of the organizing committee, this fourth version of the congress seeks to strengthen the development of the scientific and academic thinking in Latin America, “In order to benefit the people in our region and the world, showing our points of view and our demands.”

On October 09^th, the opening ceremony of the “IV Congress on Sciences, Technologies and Cultures: Looking towards the future of Latin America and the Caribbean” was held at the Aula Magna of Universidad de Santiago de Chile. The activity was organized by the Institute for Advanced Studies (IDEA, in Spanish) of Universidad de Santiago to promote a multidisciplinary debate on different issues that affect this part of the world.

Dr Fernando Estenssoro, member of the organizing committee of the congress said that they had high expectations. The activity finished on October 12^th and it had the presence of more more than 2,000 academics from Latin America and the world.

According to Dr Estenssoro, the purpose of the activity is to offer a common space where academics and scientists can meet and study different phenomena of the Americas and the world.

“This is a multidisciplinary congress, where the experiences that are analyzed are considered from a regional point of view, even if they are local; that is to say, how they affect Latin America and the Caribbean, in relation to their current problems and the current world,” Dr Estenssoro said.

In this context, “It is a congress that seeks to strengthen the development of the scientific and academic thinking in Latin America,” he added. It covers phenomena of philosophy, political science, sociology and medicine, but from a multidisciplinary point of view and in relation with the region.

Contribution of the congress

Dr Estenssoro says that to arrange a multidisciplinary meeting like this means a big challenge, as it is logistically difficult to organize the schedule of so many specialists and, for example, to find a place to hold the activity.

The series of panels of the congress were “A contribution, because sometimes we talk about doing multidisciplinary or even interdisciplinary analyses, but how? And this congress helped to put in practice what we usually keep as ideas.”

Dr Estenssoro says that bringing this congress to life required important efforts and, as a consequence, people from different parts of the world were able to appreciate the spirit of Universidad de Santiago with regard to the development of research in all the fields of knowledge.

“It has been a huge challenge. We are proud of having held this congress at Universidad de Santiago because experts from all over the world were participating and they were able to see our efforts to develop these research lines,” he said.

“For the characteristics that the congress has, it is a pioneering activity in Latin America. There have been many disciplinary meetings; for example, historians in Latin America, political scientists in Latin America or linguists in Latin America; however, we are pioneers in this multidisciplinary meeting,” he explained.

New blood

Dr Estenssoro explained that the former versions of the congress were the breeding ground for many publications that are part now of the main debates in the most important universities in Latin America.

In this regard, “It is cutting-edge knowledge, it is what our researchers are developing now, that essentially strengthens the work done by Latin American academics and scientists,” he said.

“What is most important is that our scientists get to know each other, share, debate, and produce joint knowledge,” he added.

The organizers of this fourth version of the congress set three goals. “First, we wanted to get out of the local sphere, where the national domain has to contribute to regional integration; second, it had to involve interdisciplinary work, and third, the work had to be done by academic networks,” he said.

“The idea is that researchers at the continent get to know each other, learn of what is being done, work together and read publications not only from Europe or USA, but also from Latin America. All this to benefit people in our region and in the world, because we want to contribute with our points of view and our demands,” he added.

Renowned speakers

Several worldwide renowned researchers and theorists participated at the meeting held at Universidad de Santiago.

One of the speakers was, for example, Dr Ernesto Kahan, an Argentinean physician and poet who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1985), on behalf of the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW) Federation.

Theotonio dos Santos was another speaker. He is a social scientist, and renowned thinker and forerunner of the dependency theory. His ideas about the world economy based on an unbalanced model in which developed countries have a monopoly of the most important decisions and poor countries that produce raw materials have minimal returns, marked a milestone in the Latin American sociology

“He is one of the most important exponents of the dependency theory of the 60s. He came because our work matters to him,” Dr Estenssoro concluded.

Translated by Marcela Contreras

• Among the different speakers that took part in the Colloquium “Water: a renewable resource?”, one of them, Alfredo Zolezzi, founder of the Advanced Innovation Center, considers that the contrast between technology progress and the poverty and shortage of sanitary resources affecting millions of people is “dramatic”. He says that the solution to this problem is to make sure that innovation reaches people who need it.

The recent celebration of the World Water Day brought again to the national and international agenda the importance of promoting sustainable practices for the good use of water resources in the planet. The Colloquium “Water: a renewable resource?” was held in this context and it was led by the Association of Researchers for Development and Interdisciplinarity (INDI, its Spanish acronym), that groups researchers from the different faculties of Universidad de Santiago de Chile.

The activity brought together three speakers that approached the implications and significance of this strategic resource from very different points of view.

Leyla Noriega, journalist of Red Mi Voz*, who has experience in working with indigenous communities in the north of Chile, gave the presentation “Between the Andean world view and the community’s political core”. She explains that “our philosophy understands water like a living being. The resource is distributed according to its ancestral use by common law; that is to say, based on customs or natural rights.”

However, this expert in communications says that this approach is little respected, as a consequence of a series of processes that have affected the native peoples of the north of the country, like “Chileanization and the disassembly of ancestral authorities.”

Then, Alfredo Zolezzi, founder of the Advanced Innovation Center spoke about “Meaningful innovation”, considering it like a concept that has always been present in the history of humankind. “We have never had as much technology available as we do now, but it is dramatic to see this progress without recognizing that there are millions of people living in poverty, without basic sanitary services,” he says.

Effective solutions

In light of this situation that accounts for a complex reality, specific answers are required. According to Zolezzi, the solution lies in changing the way of doing things and he suggests “doing activism with proposals that make sure that innovation will reach people who need it.”
 
In his case, innovation became socially meaningful through the creation of the Plasma Water Sanitation System (PWSS), a water purification system that allows transforming polluted water particles into plasma, making it potable.

This system was implemented in 2011, in Fundo San José, a shanty town in Cerrillos, Santiago, thanks to a partnership with Un Techo Para Mi País**. It is worth to mention that this shanty town’s residents were resettled in June, 2013.

The last presentation was given by Dr. Silvio Montalvo, professor at the Department of Chemistry Engineering of our University, who spoke about his research regarding water resources.

At present, he is working on the treatment of sludge generated at sewage water treatment plants, in order to develop technologies to optimize the anaerobic digestion process that allows breaking down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen.

“If we are able to preserve the water that we already have and keep it less polluted, we will be contributing to this matter,” the researcher says.

Translator’s notes: *Red Mi Voz is a digital network that promotes the practice of citizen journalism. **Un Techo Para Mi País is a nonprofit organization that mobilizes youth volunteers to fight extreme poverty in Latin America, by constructing transitional housing and implementing social inclusion programs.

Translated by Marcela Contreras

• At the meeting, the first lady Akie Abe, wife of the Japan´s Prime Minister, Shinzo Abe, talked in her own language with the young participants and gave each of them a gift. “I hope you visit Japan soon. Let me know in advance so that you can visit my house,” she said.

 

On August 31st, students of the Linguistics Applied to Translation Program, major in English- Japanese given by the Faculty of Humanities of Universidad de Santiago, had the unprecedented opportunity of meeting with Mrs. Akie Abe -the wife of the Japan´s Prime Minister, Shinzo Abe- who started her official visit to Chile with this activity.

During the ceremony headed by the Academic Vice President, Dr. Fernanda Kri, the dignitary conversed with the young participants in Japanese. Each of them explained to her why they decided to learn the Japanese language and she showed herself very interested in their stories, paying attention to the language level that they have reached, especially in those students who have been in Japan, thanks to the scholarships awarded by the Japanese government.

Together with valuing the work done by Universidad de Santiago at teaching the Japanese language in Chile, Mrs. Abe donated more than 50 books to the University.

Mrs. Abe expressed her “deep gratitude for being received with such a kind hospitality.” And she gave the students a message: “I am sure that, with the visit of mi husband to Chile, we are strengthening our bilateral relations and I would like to ask you to be like bridges between the two countries.”

“I hope that you visit Japan soon and let me know in advance so that you can visit my house,” she said.

 
Strong links with Japan

In 1995, the University created the Linguistics Applied to Translation Program, major in English- Japanese. Universidad de Santiago is the only university that gives this program in Latin America, and since its beggining, it has built and strengthened links with Japan.

Examples of the importance that Universidad de Santiago has had in spreading the culture of that oriental country are the visit of Her Imperial Highness of Japan, Akiko de Mikasa, in September 2013, and the appointment of Universidad de Santiago as the only Chilean institution in charge of the administration of the Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT).

Also the students of this program organize every year the Japanese traditional culture festival, Nihon Matsuri, where they show the traditions of that oriental country.

The Chief of the Linguistics Applied to Translation Program, Marcela Contreras, said that “the Embassy of Japan has always supported the University in the different activities that we organize, since the program was created.”

“At this moment we have more than 200 students in the program and many of them apply for scholarships in Japan. And the Embassy of Japan receives our students for internships. So, we can see that both parties are interested in keep working together much longer, and this is confirmed by the visit of the wife of the Prime Minister to our University,” Contreras said.

 

Watch the video of the activity

 

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Translated by Marcela Contreras

• Engineers, architects and civil constructors of the Service of Housing and Urban Development of all the country will be trained by the Department of Chemical Engineering of Universidad de Santiago in order that they may incorporate the installation of thermal solar panels into all the houses that they supervise or deliver.

• The training program has been jointly developed by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning and the university, with the support of the Ministry of Energy. It started on October 13^th with a first group of 25 civil servants in charge of the construction works to meet the housing needs of the victims of the last disasters in the regions of Antofagasta, Atacama, Coquimbo and Los Lagos (earthquakes, mudslides and the Calbuco volcano’s eruption). 

• According to Francisco Cubillos, Director of the Department of Chemical Engineering, “It is extremely useful that these catastrophic events are considered as opportunities to implement non-conventional renewable energies that will help all beneficiaries.”

• For his part, Christian Santana, Chief of the Renewable Energy Division of the Ministry of Energy and one of the directors of the Centre for Innovation and Promotion of Sustainable Energy, said that this agreement will allow contributing to energy efficiency in the context of the comprehensive public policies of the country. This will also strengthen the links between the Ministry and our university.

   

  The first training course jointly developed by the Department of Chemical Engineering and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning and with the support of the Ministry of Energy was recently started to train professionals at the Service of Housing and Urban Development (Serviu, in Spanish) in order that they may incorporate solar energy into all the new houses built in the different zones affected by the last natural disasters in the country.

  Engineers, architects and civil constructors of that state agency will be able to provide houses in their corresponding regions with thermal solar panels, what will also contribute to the country’s energy efficiency.

  In this way, our corporation, in its commitment to the country, contributes to the fifth item of the Government’s energy agenda, which proposes to strengthen the use of non conventional renewable energy (NCRE) through this type of training course. 

  According to Francisco Cubillos, Director of the Department of Chemical Engineering, “It is extremely useful that these catastrophic events are considered as opportunities to implement non-conventional renewable energies (NCRE) that will help all beneficiaries. The houses to be built will include solar panels.”

   

  “The university is contributing to include this technology in the government policies, which are oriented to the poorest sectors of the population,” director Cubillos said.

   

  For his part, Christian Santana, Chief of the Renewable Energy Division of the Ministry of Energy and who is also one of the directors of the Centre for Innovation and Promotion of Sustainable Energy (CIFES, in Spanish), highlighted that this agreement will allow to contribute to energy efficiency in the context of the comprehensive public policies of the country. This will also strengthen the links between the Ministry and our university.

   

  Theory and practice

  Mario Céspedes Córdova, professor of energy efficiency at the Faculty of Engineering of Universidad de Santiago said that in this type of course, “We provide knowledge to civil servants in order that they may control the variables involved in a solar technological system, learn about the corresponding regulations and norms and learn how to inspect a system and its pattern of use. In this way, they may supervise the entire national reconstruction plan.”

  “Besides, we have a solar energy laboratory, where we can show how to install this type of system and how it works. Those who complete the course will be able to correctly certify the houses with this system,” he explained.

  The program started on October 13^th with a first group of 25 participants. It includes theoretical and practical sessions, with a total of 10 hours, for two days. The objective is to train these civil servants so that they can help to improve the houses built after the last disasters in the country (earthquakes, mudslides and the Calbuco volcano’s eruption) and to face future disasters in a better way.

   

  Translated by Marcela Contreras

• Universidad de Santiago has taken on a new academic challenge through the Institute for Advanced Studies: the creation of a center to deepen South Korean studies that is expected to become an example in Latin America.

The analysis of the relations between Latin America and Asia that Dr. César Ross has promoted in the Institute for Advanced Studies (IDEA, in Spanish) for several years, has borne new fruits, as the University has just been awarded funding from the South Korean government to develop a project for a Korean Study Center in Chile called Chilean-Korean Study Center Program (ChKSC-Program): For cross-country future integration based on deeper understanding in terms of Politics, Economics and Society.

The project led by Dr. Ross belongs to one of the nine institutions that were granted funds by the Ministry of Education of that country through the contest “Overseas Korean Studies Incubation 2014”, that will also fund initiatives of institutions like Universidad de Salamanca, University of Queensland, University of California-Riverside, the University of the South Pacific and the East China Normal University.

On this occasion, our University was the only institution in Latin America to receive this significant support that includes a resource allocation for the project of 50 million South Korean wons (27,276,000 Chilean pesos) a year. According to the current exchange rate, it means more than 81 million Chilean pesos over the three years to the project completion.

The project ChKSC-Program will allow the creation of a Korean Study Center in Chile, with the purpose of promoting academic exchange, addressing North-East Asia security issues, studying the process of reunification of the two Koreas and its effects; analyzing the, cooperation, competence and economic relation between the two countries since the FTA of 2004; analyzing their development of high technology and their export model, as well as their public policies and methods to reduce the breach between rich and poor, and offering at Universidad the Santiago Korean Studies oriented to the evaluation and analysis of the social and cultural exchange.

In response to the 21st century’s requirements, creating a Korean Study Center in Chile fosters in both countries the ability to analyze their similarities and differences in order to achieve a more thorough academic understanding that allows a deeper mutual integration.

“For us, it is a good opportunity and, at the same time, it is a combination of research and outreach activities as it involves academic and cultural exchange. It also offers a great deal of scope for researchers to present results and for undergraduate and graduate students to become interested in studying, reading and learning about Korea,” César Ross said.

The opportunity mentioned by Dr. Ross refers to the fact that, due to the great economic time that China currently has, the rest of the Asian countries seem to be in the shade. But for countries like Chile and for academic institutions like Universidad de Santiago, working with Korea is a more open possibility.

Besides, “it is one of the most important economies in the world, with significant scientific and technological advances and powerful higher-education institutions, with academics interested in coming to Latin America and interact with us. It is also a major trading partner of Chile,” IDEA’s researcher said.

Regarding the language barrier, Dr. Ross explained that he had already contacted the Latin American Studies Association of Korea, where there are at least 300 researchers, doctors and professors who speak Spanish.

The project that should be started next July, is also an opportunity for the South Korean country, in relation to Chile. “Together with Brasil, we are the most attractive countries in Latin America; Brasil, because it is a big country, and Chile, because its stability, security and reliability regarding economic, social and political matters,” he said.

Dr. Ross explained that, according to the ChKSC program, our University agreed to give courses or modules on Korean studies; to organize work and discussion panels; to encourage the students’ interest in Korean matters; to develop publications and promotion activities, like Korea’s week, and other actions to build links between the two countries and to make the University an example in the relations with South Korea, not only locally, but in all Latin America.

Together with the director, the project team consists of Rodrigo Álvarez, student at the American Studies Doctorate program and Master of Arts in International Political Economy from University of Tsukuba, Japan, as co-investigator, and Seonwook Choi, Bachelor’s degree in Political Science and American and British Culture from Sogang University, South Korea, as research assistant. On the other hand, the South Korean academics who will participate are Dr. Kim Seog Gun, Vicepresident of the Asan Academy and Director of the Center for the Humanities; Dr. Go Myong Hyun, a research fellowship holder at the Asan Institute for Policy Analysis, and Dr. Yun-Joo Park, Assistant Professor at the Department of Spanish and Latin American Studies of Keimyung University and Chief Editor of the Asian Journal of Latin American Studies.

For the official list of the projects selected, check the following link:
http://ksps-pms.aks.ac.kr/jsp/rschr/sl/SlLastSlcList_eng.jsp?bizCd=INC&bizYr=2014&bizNgr=1

Translated by Marcela Contreras

• At a seminar organized by the Faculty of Engineering, representatives of the state mining company talked about the implications of the new underground mining project for Chuquicamata, that will bring new challenges and will require operators and professionals to develop new competences.
• Juan Carlos Espinoza, the Dean of the Faculty of Engineering, said that just as the mining company is undergoing a transformation process, the Faculty is checking and updating the profile of the new engineers who will be trained at Universidad de Santiago according to world-class parameters and who will have to manage both soft and technical skills.
• “Universities should include abilities like positive leadership and development skills in their training programs from the very beginning and not at the last year, because in real world, problems are not only technical,” Marcelo Vásquez, the director of the Codelco-Chuquicamata’s People Service and Logistics unit, pointed out.

In the context of the seminar “Large-scale mining at Codelco-Chuquicamata and its relation with Universidad de Santiago de Chile” (La Gran Minería de Codelco-Chuquicamata y su relación con la Universidad de Santiago de Chile), two conferences were given at the University’s Salón de Honor by representatives of the state mining company. Their presentations referred to the challenges being faced by that company and by the mining industry in general that could require future engineers to develop new competences.

Edison Pizarro, the Director of Innovation and Technology at the Underground Mining Development Division of Codelco-Chuquicamata, gave the presentation “Chuquicamata underground mining project, a mine of the 21^st Century”, where he explained how the current open pit would be mined in an unprecedented way for the north of Chile, as of 2019.

Edison Pizarro explained that in the past few years, the primary open pit for copper mining at Antofagasta Region (that will be 100 years-old next year and that, due its dimensions, might be the largest open pit of the world) has had a decrease in the quality of the ore mined from a grade once higher than 1% to only 0.7% nowadays, and it seems that it will continue decreasing.

Also, the costs of moving the mining operations inside the pit, the resulting energy consumption and pollution of the area have shown that, if the mine does not change its production process, it will become unsustainable.

A 40-year solution

Therefore the company, using the knowledge that it has developed in other underground divisions, decided to change to this type of production, what will give Chuquicamata 40 years more, with an ore production that will average 0.71% copper and molybdenum and that will reach an extraction rate of 140 thousand tonnes per day.

The representative of the state mining company gave the details of how the mine will operate at this new stage, stressing the need for experts in the fields of telecommunications, electricity, informatics, robotics, and of course, mining operations.

However, this megaproject brings mega challenges, not only for the way of developing the process, but for the technology that will be necessary to implement and manage and the human resources that will be required.

The challenges posed by the project are related to sustainability, which is planned to be reached through the following actions: reducing the amount of particulate matter (PM10) by 97%; opening a Training Center, in partnership with social entities, to train workers and develop the work profiles required by the new underground pit work; highlighting the importance of maintenance systems, as all the production of new Chuquicamata will come out through a conveyor belt that covers several kilometers and cannot be stopped; and, particularly, managing the culture of change at the company, to promote the adaptation to changes, something that has been very resisted up to now due to the mining workers’ and unions’ way of thinking.

An adaptation challenge

Marcelo Velázquez, Director of the Codelco Chuquicamata’s People Service and Logistics unit, in his presentation “Maintenance Engineering in Mining Industry… A technical challenge?” referred to how equipment maintenance management and its processes are set aside due to the productive pressure. This aspect lies beneath the organizational culture and disregards the useful life of equipments and systems at not considering a long-term approach.

The expert explained that, in Chile, maintenance represents up to 40% of the mining industry costs. And despite this is an area where cutbacks are expected, there is not a strategic vision to incorporate a maintenance culture; there are only reactive actions that are usually fairly planned.

Marcelo Velázquez urged future engineers to watch the world trends in maintenance, based on the reliability of systems that intelligently organize the processes considering maintenance times to prevent emergencies and their associated costs.

“The new engineer’s role requires the expertise given by the University, particularly, in technical knowledge. And also, the new engineer has to understand that challenges are faced by people. In some cases, there is a lack of leadership to face adaptation challenges.”

For this reason, he added that “Universities should include abilities like positive leadership and development skills in their training programs from the very beginning and not at the last year, because in real world, problems are not only technical. They may be easily solved; but problems have to be solved by people, and that is difficult.”

Juan Carlos Espinoza, the Dean of the Faculty of Engineering, compared the transition process of Chuquicamata with the one that the Faculty is currently undergoing with the purpose of updating the profile of the new engineers for the 21^st Century.

Regarding this, he referred to the need of strengthening the relation with employers to have a permanent contact, receive feedback, and collect new information from the job market, like the aspects mentioned at the seminar. Also he said that similar activities will be organized more frequently to strengthen this work line.

Many students of the Department of Electrical Engineering and the Department of Mining Engineering, together with authorities and academics of those units and other units of the Faculty of Engineering, attended the activity.

Translated by Marcela Contreras

• In a presentation given at Universidad de Santiago a few days ago, Iván Núñez Prieto, recipient of the National Award of Education 2015, emphasized that he still shares “the utopia” that education contributes to “build a fairer and more caring society, regardless of the fact that it may be a difficult task that requires many years, and maybe, there have been some mistakes in viewing the difficulties at its implementation.” The renowned researcher and state professor of History, Geography and Civic Education addressed these issues in his presentation “Two moments at teacher training in Chile: 1928 and 1974: Present echoes.”

On October 28^th, at the Armando Quezada Auditorium, the recipient of the National Award of Education 2015, Iván Núñez, gave the presentation “Two moments at teacher training in Chile: 1928 and 1974: Present echoes.” The activity was organized by the Faculty of Humanities and the Department of Education of Universidad de Santiago in the context of the Teachers’ Day celebration.

Professor Núñez was presented by Dr Jorge Rueda, Vice-Dean for Academic Affairs of the Faculty of Humanities. The director of the Department of Education, Dr Saúl Contreras also addressed the audience.

Dr Rueda emphasized the role of education as the driving force for human development and better communal living, in the midst of the individualistic and discriminatory society of current days, as well as the educational role that our university has played through the School of Arts and Crafts, the Pedagogical Institute and the State Technical University (UTE, in Spanish).

For his part, Dr Contreras highlighted the importance of the visit of professor Núñez at a critical time for Chilean education, as well as the contributions made by the university to teacher training, one of the core components of the university development. 

Inconsistent development

Professor Núñez started by mentioning that the development of Chilean education has not been progressive or linear: it has moved forward and backward through history. 

In his presentation, he deeply analyzed two significant moments in the history of teacher training: the closure of teacher training schools (escuelas normales, in Spanish), for different reasons, in 1928, under Carlos Ibáñez del Campo’s dictatorship (1927-1931), and in 1974, under General Augusto Pinochet’s regime.

He reminded the audience that teacher training schools started in 1842, when they were created by the Argentinean Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, under the conservative oligarchic government of Manuel Bulnes, who was able to recognize the importance of peoples’ training. Bulnes founded Universidad de Chile, among others. The first escuela normal was located in the vicinity of Matucana Street.

At that time, teachers did not only receive free training but they had free accommodation and free meals, though they were separated by sex. In return, the had to work for seven years at public schools, but many did not fulfill that commitment and engaged in other crafts and professions.

The first rebellion

He said that later, the saltpeter boom allowed bringing a group of German teachers at the beginning of the 20^th century. At the same time, a combative teachers association was created. They criticized teacher training as they considered it “authoritarian.” Núñez remembered that one of its weaknesses was pedagogical training.

In 1928, there were 15 escuelas normales. Under the pressure of teachers grouped together in the General Association of Teachers (AGP, in Spanish) for an “integral reform of Chilean education”- the escuelas normales included- Ibáñez decided to close them (he closed the Pedagogical Institute of Universidad de Chile too) and appointed its principal leaders to the Ministry of Education, “so that they could implement the reform” that they were demanding.

Although this situation did not last long, as the Government in the end decided to appoint a “commission of experts” to solve the problems, many of the association’s demands were subsequently taken up. For example, the minimum requirement to enter the school changed from four to six years of primary education.

The 60’s

During the following years, the escuelas normales increased their number, but they underwent some changes, especially in the 60’s, during the Education Reform of President Eduardo Frei (1964-1970), when the requirement to enter the school was completing secondary education. Although there was a co educational boarding school in Chillán, the boarding facilities were closed for financial reasons. On the other hand, an evening teacher training school was created at that time.

After the military coup, when there were more than twenty public and private (owned by the Catholic Church) escuelas normales, General Pinochet closed them for considering them “a focus of rebellion.”

The dictatorship imposed that, from then on, teacher training was to be part of university education. In spite of its controversial nature, professor Núñez considers that this action established “a common institutional framework, with the most similar bases possible.” In 1976, during the dictatorship, professor Núñez was detained and tortured.

He concluded by saying that, for his part, he still shares “ the utopia” that education contributes to “build a fairer and more caring society, regardless of the fact that it may be a difficult task that requires many years, and maybe, there have been some mistakes in viewing the difficulties at its implementation.”

“History has left us a few things and, in the midst of the battle of daily life, we should take a look at them,” he finally said.

Translated by Marcela Contreras